View The Age of the Investiture Controversy

1056-1106

Henry IV, King of Germany 1056-1105, Holy Roman Emperor from 1084

1056-1106

Henry IV, King of Germany 1056-1105, Holy Roman Emperor from 1084

1058

Patarine lay reformers organize at Milan to oppose clerical marriage and subsequently papal temporal power and corrupt practices.

1058

Patarine lay reformers organize at Milan to oppose clerical marriage and subsequently papal temporal power and corrupt practices.

1066

William I, "the Conqueror" of England defeats Harold Godwineson at Hastings.

1066

William I, "the Conqueror" of England defeats Harold Godwineson at Hastings.

1073-1085

Pontificate of Gregory VII, reformer and opponent of lay investiture

1073-1085

Pontificate of Gregory VII, reformer and opponent of lay investiture

1075

Following his father's (Henry III's) example, Henry IV appointed the Bishop of Milan in 1075, a step opposed by Gregory VII.
Event Details

1075

Pope St. Gregory VII opposed lay investiture (appointment of church officials by non-clerics, such as kings and emperors). Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, appointed his chaplain as Bishop of Milan, prompting Gregory VII to write a letter opposing the appointment.

1085

Alfonso VI of Castile takes the great Muslim city of Toledo.

1085

Alfonso VI of Castile takes the great Muslim city of Toledo.

1085

Domesday Book ordered. A survey of English lands on the occasion of a threat by King Canute of Denmark.

1085

Domesday Book ordered. A survey of English lands on the occasion of a threat by King Canute of Denmark.

1095

Urban II preaches the first Crusade in response to Alexius Comnenus' appeal.

1095

Urban II preaches the first Crusade in response to Alexius Comnenus' appeal.

1096-1099

First Crusade

1096-1099

First Crusade

1098

Founding of Cîteaux; beginning of the Cistercian order

1098

Founding of Cîteaux; beginning of the Cistercian order

1098-1179

Hildegard of Bingen, German abbess, author, and visionary

1098-1179

Hildegard of Bingen, German abbess, author, and visionary

1109

Death of Anselm of Canterbury

1109

Death of Anselm of Canterbury

1115

Death of Matilda of Tuscany (names papacy heir, but Henry V claims lands)

1115

Death of Matilda of Tuscany (names papacy heir, but Henry V claims lands)

1119/20

Beginning of the Knights Templar

1119/20

Beginning of the Knights Templar

1122

Concordat of Worms, temporary imperial triumph in Investiture Controversy

1122

Concordat of Worms, temporary imperial triumph in Investiture Controversy

1137-1180

Louis VII, king of France, first husband of Eleanor of Aquitaine

1137-1180

Louis VII, king of France, first husband of Eleanor of Aquitaine

~1140

Gratian's Decretum includes provisions from Second Lateran Council of 1139, condemning clerical marriage.

~1140

Gratian's Decretum includes provisions from Second Lateran Council of 1139, condemning clerical marriage.

1141/2

Death of Hugh of Saint-Victor

1141/2

Death of Hugh of Saint-Victor

1142

Death of Peter Abelard

1142

Death of Peter Abelard

1144

Jews in Norwich, England, accused of ritual murder (first such accusation documented)

1144

Jews in Norwich, England, accused of ritual murder (first such accusation documented)

1144

Consecration of the choir of the Basilica of St. Denis (widely regarded as first Gothic church)

1144

Consecration of the choir of the Basilica of St. Denis (widely regarded as first Gothic church)

~1150-1205

Noyon Cathedral (includes elements of Romanesque and Gothic architecture)

~1150-1205

Noyon Cathedral (includes elements of Romanesque and Gothic architecture)

1152-1190

Frederick Barbarossa reigns as Holy Roman Emperor.

1152-1190

Frederick Barbarossa reigns as Holy Roman Emperor.

1153

Death of Bernard of Clairvaux, second founder of the Cistercian Order

1153

Death of Bernard of Clairvaux, second founder of the Cistercian Order

1154-1189

Henry II, king of England, second husband of Eleanor of Aquitaine

1154-1189

Henry II, king of England, second husband of Eleanor of Aquitaine

1155

Death of Arnold of Brescia, advocate of a Church without wealth

1155

Death of Arnold of Brescia, advocate of a Church without wealth

1158

Frederick Barbarossa issues Constitutio Habita, protecting the societas socii at the University of Bologna.

1158

Frederick Barbarossa issues Constitutio Habita, protecting the societas socii at the University of Bologna.

1160

Death of Peter Lombard

1160

Death of Peter Lombard

1163-1250

Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris

1163-1250

Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris

1170

Martyrdom of Thomas Becket in Canterbury Cathedral

1170

Martyrdom of Thomas Becket in Canterbury Cathedral

1179

Third Lateran Council condemns Peter Waldo's ideas about poverty.

1179

Third Lateran Council condemns Peter Waldo's ideas about poverty.

Close The Age of the Universities

1180-1223

Philip II Augustus, king of France

1180-1223

Philip II Augustus, king of France

~1180

Giraldus Cambrensis reports the presence of scholars at Oxford.

~1180

Giraldus Cambrensis reports the presence of scholars at Oxford.

1182

Expulsion of the Jews from France

1182

Expulsion of the Jews from France

1187

Saladin captures Jerusalem.

1187

Saladin captures Jerusalem.

1194-1220

Chartres Cathedral (fire 1194, central window of clerestory 1205, vaults complete 1220, consecration 1260)

1194-1220

Chartres Cathedral (fire 1194, central window of clerestory 1205, vaults complete 1220, consecration 1260)

1198

Death of Averroes (ibn Rushd)

1198

Death of Averroes (ibn Rushd)

1198-1216

Pontificate of Innocent III

1198-1216

1200

Edict of Philip Augustus guarantees that Provost will respect the rights and privileges of the scholars at the University of Paris.

1200

1204

Sack of Constantinople, during the Fourth Crusade

1204

1204

Death of Maimonides

1204

1209

Innocent III approves Francis of Assisi's first rule orally.

1209

1209-1229

Albigensian Crusade

1209-1229

1212

Children's Crusade

1212

1212-1250

Frederick II rules successively as King of Germans (1212-1250), Holy Roman Emperor (1220-1250), and King of Jerusalem (1229-1243).

1212-1250

1214

Emperor Otto of Brunswick and John Lackland defeated by Philip Augustus of France, Innocent III, and Frederick's German allies at Bouvines.

1214

1215

Magna Carta signed at Runnymeade.

1215

1215

Fourth Lateran Council affirms transubstantiation, recognizes Mendicant friars, outlaws other new orders, requires Jews to wear special clothing, and establishes the Inquisition.

1215

1217

Order of Preachers approved by Honorius III.

1217

1220

Construction of Amiens Cathedral begins.

1220

1221

Death of Dominic de Guzman, founder of the Dominican Order

1221

~1222

University of Padua

~1222

1224

University of Naples

1224

1226

Death of Francis of Assisi, founder of the Franciscan Order

1226

1226-1270

Louis IX, "Saint Louis", king of France, died on Crusade.

1226-1270

1227-1241

Pontificate of Gregory IX

1227-1241

1228-1253

Construction of the Church of San Francesco at Assisi

1228-1253

1231

Frederick II issued the Constitutions of Melfi (Liber Augustalis).

1231

1231

Pope Gregory IX issues Parens scientiarum.

1231

1231

Frederick II issues an edict prohibiting the practice or teaching of medicine without approval by the masters of Salerno.

1231

1240

Disputation of Paris on whether the Talmud is blasphemous

1240

1248

Conquest of Seville

1248

1253

Death of Robert Grosseteste, bishop of Lincoln

1253

~1260

Death of Richard Rufus of Cornwall

~1260

1263

Barcelona Disputation: a Dominican seeks to prove that sages of the Talmud believed in Jesus as the Messiah.

1263

1274

Death of Bonaventure

1274

1274

Death of Thomas Aquinas

1274

1277-1280

Nicholas III (Orsini) issues Exiit qui seminat in 1279.

1277-1280

1277

Condemnation at the University of Paris of 219 "philosophical errors"

1277

1280

Death of Albertus Magnus

1280

1282

Sicilian Vespers: Pro-Papal French slaughtered by Sicilians loyal to the empire.

1282

1283

Siege of Forli ends with imperial defeat, giving the Pope control of Romagna.

1283

1283-1287

Conwy Castle, minor work continued to 1292

1283-1287

1283-1310

Basilica del Santo, Padua

1283-1310

1285-1314

Philip IV, "the Fair", king of France

1285-1314

1292

Death of Roger Bacon

1292

1293

Death of Henry of Ghent

1293

1294-1303

Pontificate of Boniface VIII, who succeeds Celestine V

1294-1303

1296

Clericis Laicos

1296

1301/2

Death of Gertrude the Great of Helfta

1301/2

1302

Unam Sanctam

1302

~1302

Death of Cimabue

~1302

1303-1305

Scrovegni Chapel (Giotto frescoes)

1303-1305

View The Age of the Avignonese Captivity

1305

Beginning of the Avignonese Captivity

1305

1308

Death of John Duns Scotus

1308

1314-1347

Louis of Bavaria, King of Germany

1314-1347

1314

Robert the Bruce defeats Edward II at Bannockburn and claims the Scottish throne; married to his chief steward, his daughter establishes the Stuart line.

1314

1315-1317

The Great Famine kills about ten percent of the population.

1315-1317

1316

Death of Giles of Rome

1316

1316-1334

Pontificate of John XXII

1316-1334

1318

John XXII recognizes the University of Cambridge as a Studium Generale.

1318

1321

Dante dies shortly after completing his Comedy, set in April 1300.

1321

1327/8

Death of Meister Eckhart, German mystic

1327/8

1328

Excommunication of William of Ockham

1328

1328-1350

Philip of Valois, reigns as Philip VI of France.

1328-1350

1337-1350

Gloucester Cathedral, south transept and choir (Perpendicular Gothic: earliest lierne vaulting)

1337-1350

1337

Death of Giotto

1337

1337

Hundred Years' War begins.

1337

1340

Edward III proclaims himself king of France.

1340

1340

Jan van Arteveldt and the Flemish rebel against French overlordship.

1340

1346

Nicholas of Autrecourt is condemned by Pope Clement VI.

1346

1347

Death of William of Ockham

1347

1347

Fall of Calais -- Jean d'Aire, Jacques and Pierre de Wissant, Jean de Fiennes, Andrieus d'Andres and Eustache de Saint-Pierre offer to sacrifice themselves.

1347

1347-1350

Black Death (described in Boccaccio's Decameron)

1347-1350

1348

University of Prague

1348

~1360

Death of John Buridan

~1360

1360

Chaucer captured by the French, but ransomed for 16 pounds.

1360

1361-1362

Recurrence of the plague

1361-1362

1365

University of Vienna

1365

1373

Death of Brigid of Sweden

1373

1374

Death of Petrarch

1374

View The Age of the Great Schism

1375

Death of Boccaccio

1375

1378-1415

The Great Schism begins when Pope Gregory XI dies at Rome and popular pressure leads to the election of Urban VI; subsequently, the French cardinals elect Clement VIII and return to Avignon.

1378-1415

1381

Wat Tyler leads the English Peasants' Revolt.

1381

1382

Death of Nicholas Oresme (law of falling bodies)

1382

1382

Pope Gregory XI condemns John Wycliffe.

1382

1386

University of Heidelberg

1386

1390

Death of Albert of Saxony

1390

1396

Chaucer finishes "The Wife of Bath".

1396

1399-1413

Henry IV, king of England

1399-1413

1400

Death of Chaucer

1400

1409

University of Leipzig

1409

1414-1418

Council of Constance

1414-1418

1415

Execution of Jan Hus

1415

1430

Trial and execution of Joan of Arc

1430

1431-1449

Council of Basel

1431-1449

1446

Construction begins on Kings College Chapel at Cambridge.

1446

1453

Fall of Constantinople

1453

~1455

Death of Fra Angelico

~1455